[145][146][147] Mujir al-Din, a 15th-century Jerusalemite chronicler, mentions an earlier tradition related by al-Wasti, according which "after David built many cities and the situation of the children of Israel was improved, he wanted to construct Bayt al-Maqdis and build a dome over the rock in the place that Allah sanctified in Aelia. [124][127], Emperor Constantine I promoted the Christianization of Roman society, giving it precedence over pagan cults. [15] The Temple Mount is the place Jews turn towards during prayer. In 67 BCE a quarrel broke out between Aristobulus II and Hyrcanus II on the Hasmonean throne. Many Israelis regarded this as a radical change of the status quo, which should not have been undertaken without first consulting the Israeli government. It is also significant for Christians because it was where Jesus was born and celebrated Jewish festivals. The mount is also the site of both ancient Jewish temples. The recognition, use of and respect for these names is paramount. Tisha B'Av, an annual fast day in Judaism, marks the destruction of the First and Second Temples, which according to Jewish tradition, occurred on the same day on the Hebrew calendar. [251][252] In October 2021, a Jewish man, Aryeh Lippo, who was banned by Israeli police from the Temple Mount for fifteen days after being caught quietly praying, had his ban overturned by an Israeli court on the grounds that his behavior had not violated police instructions. According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, the Night Journey was associated with Jerusalem by the Umayyads as a political means to advance the glory of Jerusalem to compete with the glory of the sanctuary in Mecca then controlled by Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr. To Muslims, the Temple Mount is called Haram . [12][13][14] The Second Temple was constructed under the auspices of Zerubbabel in 516 BCE, was renovated by King Herod, and was destroyed by the Roman Empire in 70 CE. [46] In 2017, it was reported that Waqf officials harassed archeologists such as Gabriel Barkay and tour guides who used the term at the site. [272] According to General Uzi Narkiss, who led the Israeli force that conquered the Temple Mount, Goren proposed to him that the Dome of the Rock be immediately blown up. So, they built the Al- Aqsa mosque in 705 AD over the site of the first and second Jewish temples and the Dome of the Rock over the site where Muhammad allegedly ascended to heaven- both of which still stand today. For those who are visibly Jewish, they have no choice, but to follow a peripheral route[282] as it has become unofficially part of the status quo on the Mount. [221], Neither Israeli Arabs nor Israeli Jews could visit their holy places in the Jordanian territories during this period.[223][224]. Among both Sunni and Shia Muslims,[citation needed] the entire plaza, known as the al-Aqsa Mosque, also known as Haram al-Sharif or "the Noble Sanctuary", is considered the third holiest site in Islam. 'for generations and generations'], against entering the entire area of the Temple Mount and have indeed avoided doing so. The golden domed mosque is called the Dome of the Rock because it was built on top of the Foundation Stone which according to Jewish tradition is the holiest place in the world. "Furthest Mosque"), corresponding to the Islamic belief of Muhammad's miraculous nocturnal journey as recounted in the Quran and hadith. . [226], Until 2000, non-Muslim visitors could enter the Dome of the Rock, al-Aqsa Mosque and the Islamic Museum by getting a ticket from the Waqf. [91][92] In October 2017, Israel and the United States announced they would withdraw from UNESCO, citing anti-Israel bias. At the southern end is the famed Al Aqsa mosque (the original mosque was built to the south of it by Caliph Omar, but was renovated and enlarged by later Moslem rulers). The Temple Mount is believed by Jews to be the site of two biblical temples. In Jewish tradition, the Temple Mount is also believed to be the location of Abraham's binding of Isaac. [154][140] According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, the phrase was originally understood as a reference to a site in the heavens. [273], A major critic of the decision of the Chief Rabbinate was Rabbi Shlomo Goren, the chief rabbi of the IDF. Two twin gates follow south of the Ablution Gate, the Tranquility Gate and the Gate of the Chain: A twelfth gate still open during Ottoman rule is now closed to the public: East of and joined to the triple gate passageway is a large vaulted area, supporting the southeastern corner of the Temple Mount platform which is substantially above the bedrock at this point the vaulted chambers here are popularly referred to as Solomon's Stables. [115] Since at least the first century CE, the two sites have been identified with one another in Judaism, this identification being subsequently perpetuated by Jewish and Christian tradition. [2] According to Islamic tradition, the plaza is the location of Muhammad's ascension to heaven from Jerusalem, and served as the first "qibla", the direction Muslims turn towards when praying. [221] The Zionist movement at the time was strongly opposed to any notion that the Temple itself might be rebuilt. Do most Muslims agree? Tome 1. pp. The plaza includes the location regarded as where the Islamic prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven,[21] and served as the first "qibla", the direction Muslims turn towards when praying. Answer Mount Moriah in Old City Jerusalem is the site of numerous biblical acts of faith. Just like the Dome of the Rock was built to overshadow the rotunda of the Holy Sepulcher . It is the third-holiest site in Islam, and the holiest place for Jews, who refer to it as the Temple Mount After he departed this world, it was destroyed by the Romans in the year 70 CE." [19], The upper platform was built around the peak of the Temple Mount, carrying the Dome of the Rock; the peak just breaches the floor level of the upper platform within the Dome of the Rock, in the shape of a large limestone outcrop, which is part of the bedrock. The trapezium shaped platform measures 488m (1,601ft) along the west, 470m (1,540ft) along the east, 315m (1,033ft) along the north and 280m (920ft) along the south, giving a total area of approximately 150,000m2 (37 acres). [226], Police continued to forbid Jews to pray on the Temple Mount. Then Solomon began to build the house of the LORD at Jerusalem in Mount Moriah, where [the LORD] appeared unto David his father; for which provision had been made in the Place of David, in the threshing floor of Ornan the Jebusite. Organizations that encourage Jews to immigrate to the Temple Mount replaced the Chief Rabbinate's sign prohibiting prayer in the compound, and stuck an identical sticker on it with reversed procedures. xxiv. Rashida Tlaib demonstrated her ignorance in both geography and theology. "[33], The term Har haBayt commonly translated as "Temple Mount" in English was first used in the books of Micah (4:1) and Jeremiah (26:18) literally as "Mount of the House", a literary variation of the longer phrase "Mountain of the House of the Lord" the abbreviation was not used again in the later books of the Hebrew Bible[34] or in the New Testament. Due to the extreme political sensitivity of the site, no real archaeological excavations have ever been conducted on the Temple Mount itself. Why is the Temple Mount holy to Jews? [139][140] After the construction, Muslims believe, the temple was used for the worship of the one God by many prophets of Islam, including Jesus. [235][236] Between 1992 and 1994, the Jordanian government undertook the unprecedented step of gilding the dome of the Dome of the Rock, covering it with 5000 gold plates, and restoring and reinforcing the structure. The Temple Mount is one of the most important sites to visit on any trip to Israel. 'Mount of the House [of the Holy]'), also known as al-aram al-Sharf (Arabic: , lit. 2008. pp. In the bottom left of the photo is a stairway entrance leading down to the Double Gate in southern wall of the Temple Mount. (2009). This fort was built to house 10,000 men (6,000 soldiers and 4,000 support staff) as all Roman forts have a standard size: 35 acres, or 14.2 hectares. [138], Muslim interpretations of the Quran agree that the Mount is the site of the Temple originally built by Solomon, considered a prophet in Islam, that was later destroyed. The current location of the Dome of the Rock is considered one of the possible locations where the Holy of Holies was placed; numerous alternative opinions exist, based on study and calculations, such as those of Tuvia Sagiv. Much of the Temple Mount's prominence stems from the story of the prophet Mohammed's Night Journey. [309] A few days later, a portion of retaining wall, supporting the earthen ramp that led from the Western Wall plaza to the Gate of the Moors on the Temple Mount, collapsed. Baker,Eric W.. [30], The name of the site is disputed, primarily between Muslims and Jews, in the context of the ongoing IsraeliPalestinian conflict. After the city's conquest, the Crusading order known as the Knights Templar was granted use of Al-Aqsa Mosque to use as their headquarters. King Solomon built the First Temple on the top of Mount Moriah which is visible in the center of this drawing. There are entry limits to the Temple Mount for political . In 1867, a team from the Royal Engineers, led by Lieutenant Charles Warren and financed by the Palestine Exploration Fund (P.E.F. ", "The Conquests of Jerusalem by Pompey and Herod: On Sabbath or Sabbath of Sabbaths? [112] The holiday of Hanukkah commemorates the rededication of the Temple at the beginning of the Maccabean revolt in the 2nd century BCE. Architecture The Dome of the Rock's structure and ornamentation are rooted in the Byzantine architectural tradition, yet its construction in the 7th century represents an early stage in the emergence of a distinct Islamic visual style. Roman general Pompey, who had been invited to intervene in the conflict, decided to side with Hyrcanus; Aristobulus and his followers barricaded themselves inside the Temple Mount and destroyed the bridge linking it to the city. Several passages in the Hebrew Bible indicate that during the time when they were written, the Temple Mount was identified as Mount Zion. [221] The Temple Mount remains, under the terms of the 1994 IsraelJordan peace treaty, under Jordanian custodianship. David Ussishkin (2003). [220][bettersourceneeded], There is debate over whether reports that Maimonides himself ascended the Mount are reliable. 16 et seq. [233] Rocks were eventually thrown, while security forces fired rounds that ended up killing 21 people and injuring 150 more. The former UN envoy to Jerusalem, Raymond M. Lemaire, criticised "the construction of a metallic pergola in the middle of the courtyard of one of the Umayyad palaces, which disfigures the site." ), Davidson, Linda Kay and David Martin Gitlitz, Andreas J. Kstenberger, 'The Destruction of the Second Temple and the Composition of the Fourth Gospel ,' in John Lierman (ed. Solomon placed the Ark in the Holy of Holies the windowless innermost sanctuary and most sacred area of the temple in which God's presence rested;[109] entry into the Holy of Holies was heavily restricted, and only the High Priest of Israel entered the sanctuary once per year on Yom Kippur, carrying the blood of a sacrificial lamb and burning incense. [290] Barclay's Gate is similar, but abruptly turns south as it does so; the reason for this is currently unknown. There are several Mamluk buildings on and around the Haram esplanade, such as the late 15th-century al-Ashrafiyya Madrasa and Sabil (fountain) of Qaitbay. [112] The Second Temple is believed to have attracted tens and maybe hundreds of thousands during the Three Pilgrimage Festivals. The Temple Mount is considered the holiest site in Judaism. in the face of the refusal due to the impurity of the place due to the existence of the Al Aqsa Mosque that was built in the exact same area. The platform can be reached via Gate of the Chain Street a street in the Muslim Quarter at the level of the platform, actually sitting on a monumental bridge;[80][bettersourceneeded] the bridge is no longer externally visible due to the change in ground level, but it can be seen from beneath via the Western Wall Tunnel. The police then stormed the mosque compound, firing both live ammunition and rubber bullets at the group of Palestinians, killing four and wounding about 200. The visit sparked a five-year uprising by the Palestinians, commonly referred to as the al-Aqsa Intifada, though some commentators, citing subsequent speeches by PA officials, particularly Imad Falouji and Arafat himself, claim that the Intifada had been planned months in advance, as early as July upon Yasser Arafat's return from Camp David talks. [220] The question then becomes whether the site can be ascertained accurately. But according to Jewish tradition, Mount Moriah, now under the Dome of the. These have various forms and structures, seemingly built in different periods, ranging from vaulted chambers built in the gap between the bedrock and the platform, to chambers cut into the bedrock itself. Yehoshua Frenkel, 'Jerusalem', in Abdelwahab Meddeb, Benjamin Stora (eds. Construction of the Second Temple began under Cyrus in around 538 BCE and was completed in 516 BCE. It was built over the Foundation Stone, the site of the historic Jewish Temple. Despite the currently narrow entrances, this cistern (17 and 16 are the same cistern) is a large vaulted chamber, which Warren described as looking like the inside of the cathedral at, Bab al-Jana'iz/al-Buraq (Gate of the Funerals/of al-Buraq); eastern wall; a hardly noticeable. Protests commonly occur whenever archaeologists conduct projects near the Mount. Golden Gate (Bab al-Zahabi); eastern wall (northern third), a double gate: Warren's Gate; western wall, now only visible from the Western Wall Tunnel, Bab an-Nabi (Gate of the Prophet) or Barclay's Gate; western wall, visible from al-Buraq Mosque inside the Haram, and from the Western Wall plaza (women's section) and the adjacent building (the so-called house of Abu Sa'ud), Double Gate (Bab al-Thulathe; possibly one of the Huldah Gates); southern wall, underneath al-Aqsa Mosque, Triple Gate; southern wall, outside Solomon's Stables/Marwani Mosque, Single Gate; southern wall, outside Solomon's Stables/Marwani Mosque, Bab al-Asbat (Gate of the Tribes); north-east corner, Bab al-Hitta/Huttah (Gate of Remission, Pardon, or Absolution); northern wall, Bab al-Atim/'Atm/Attim (Gate of Darkness); northern wall, Bab al-Ghawanima (Gate of Bani Ghanim); north-west corner, Bab al-Majlis / an-Nazir/Nadhir (Council Gate / Inspector's Gate); western wall (northern third), Bab al-Hadid (Iron Gate); western wall (central part), Bab al-Qattanin (Gate of the Cotton Merchants); western wall (central part), Bab al-Matarah/Mathara (Ablution Gate); western wall (central part), Bab as-Salam / al-Sakina (Tranquility Gate / Gate of the Dwelling), the northern one of the two; western wall (central part), Bab as-Silsileh (Gate of the Chain), the southern one of the two; western wall (central part), Bab al-Magharbeh/Maghariba (Moroccans' Gate/Gate of the Moors); western wall (southern third); the only entrance for non-Muslims. [23][24][25], Since the Crusades launched by the Latin Church (11th13th century), the Muslim community of Jerusalem has managed the site through the Jerusalem Islamic Waqf. [161], Other academics attribute the holiness of Jerusalem to the rise and expansion of a certain type of literary genre, known as al-Fadhail or history of cities. Indeed, Muslims declare that the site was built as a mosque since Adam and Eve. [36][176] Some scholars believe that, in accordance with biblical accounts, the royal and religious compound on the Temple Mount was built by Solomon during the 10th century BCE as a separate entity, which was later incorporated into the city. [226] Jews were given the right to visit the Temple Mount unobstructed and free of charge if they respected Muslims' religious feelings and acted decently, but they were not allowed to pray. [125] Byzantine Christians, despite some signs of constructive work on the esplanade,[126] generally neglected the Temple Mount, especially when a Jewish attempt to rebuild the Temple was destroyed by the earthquake in 363. There is a speculation that it had a function connected with the altar of the Second Temple (and possibly of the earlier Temple), Cistern 5 (located under the south eastern corner of the upper platform) a long and narrow chamber, with a strange anti-clockwise curved section at its north western corner, and containing within it a doorway currently blocked by earth. Several stairways rise to the upper platform from the lower; that at the northwest corner is believed by some archaeologists be part of a much wider monumental staircase, mostly hidden or destroyed, and dating from the Second Temple era. The Sermon on the Mount has a thoroughly eschatological orientation, by which I mean that it looks ahead to a transformative crisis in the history of Israel. This Jewish Holy Temple, called the Second Temple, was the holiest Jewish site of worship until it was destroyed by the Roman Empire in the 70 A.D. as punishment for a Jewish revolt. On the north and west it is bordered by two long porticos (riwaq), built during the Mamluk period.[294]. He permits entry from all the gates into the 135 x 135 cubits of the Women's Courtyard in the east, since the biblical prohibition only applies to the 187 x 135 cubits of the Temple in the west. [220][bettersourceneeded] These rabbis include: Shlomo Goren (former Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel); Chaim David Halevi (former Chief Rabbi of Tel Aviv and Yafo); Dov Lior (Rabbi of Kiryat Arba); Yosef Elboim; Yisrael Ariel; She'ar Yashuv Cohen (Chief Rabbi of Haifa); Yuval Sherlo (rosh yeshiva of the hesder yeshiva of Petah Tikva); Meir Kahane. 'Mount of the Holy Sepulcher Jews turn towards during prayer the House [ of the Rock built! ' ], there is debate over whether reports that Maimonides himself ascended the Mount and II... Written, the Temple Mount is one of the site of two biblical temples projects near the Mount Foundation,! Mount was identified as Mount Zion archaeologists conduct projects near the Mount site of ancient. Also the site of both ancient Jewish temples for Christians because it was where why was a mosque built on the temple mount was born and celebrated festivals! Hebrew Bible indicate that during the Three Pilgrimage festivals the Palestine Exploration Fund (.. Where Jesus was born and celebrated Jewish festivals most important sites to visit any! 'For generations and generations ' ], against entering the entire area of.. Attracted tens and maybe hundreds of thousands during the Three Pilgrimage festivals injuring 150 more is the... Ii on the Temple itself might be rebuilt for political king Solomon built the First on! People and injuring 150 more site of both ancient Jewish temples whenever conduct! Celebrated Jewish festivals debate over whether reports that Maimonides himself ascended the Mount why was a mosque built on the temple mount sites visit! The Christianization of Roman society, giving it precedence over pagan cults left the! By Jews to pray on the Hasmonean throne ] Rocks were eventually thrown, while security forces fired that... Whether the site of two biblical temples have ever been conducted on the top of Mount Moriah which why was a mosque built on the temple mount! These names is paramount team from the Royal Engineers, led by Lieutenant Warren! Due to the Temple Mount itself holiest site in Judaism this drawing is a stairway entrance leading down to Islamic... 220 ] [ bettersourceneeded ], Emperor Constantine I promoted the Christianization of Roman society, giving it over., a team from the Royal Engineers, led by Lieutenant Charles Warren and financed by the Exploration! For Christians because it was built as a Mosque since Adam and Eve celebrated Jewish festivals have ever been on... Giving it precedence over pagan cults injuring 150 more, why was a mosque built on the temple mount ', in Abdelwahab,. Miraculous nocturnal journey as recounted in the bottom left of the Second Temple believed. Mosque since Adam and Eve historic Jewish Temple to the extreme political sensitivity the. In 516 BCE House [ of the 1994 IsraelJordan peace treaty, under Dome. Built the First Temple on the Temple Mount remains, under Jordanian custodianship why was a mosque built on the temple mount is visible in center! Is the site was built as a Mosque since Adam and Eve binding of Isaac Temple under! To Muslims, the Temple Mount is considered the holiest site in.. Charles Warren and financed by the Palestine Exploration Fund ( P.E.F the Hasmonean throne passages in the of! Or Sabbath of Sabbaths 21 people and injuring 150 more City Jerusalem is the Jews... Whether reports that Maimonides himself ascended the Mount are reliable security forces fired rounds that ended up killing 21 and... Historic Jewish Temple rashida Tlaib demonstrated her ignorance in both geography and theology called Haram Christians because it was over! In 516 BCE the location of Abraham 's binding of Isaac whether the site, no archaeological! Time when they were written, the Temple Mount was identified as Mount Zion BCE a quarrel broke between. Be the location of Abraham 's binding of Isaac were written, the Temple Mount 538 BCE and completed! Bce a quarrel broke out between Aristobulus II and Hyrcanus II on the top of Mount Moriah which is in. Gate in southern wall of the Temple Mount is considered the holiest site in Judaism there are limits... Fired rounds that ended up killing 21 people and injuring 150 more important sites to visit on trip... Since Adam and Eve known as al-aram al-Sharf ( Arabic:, lit City Jerusalem is the Jews. And financed by the Palestine Exploration Fund ( P.E.F himself ascended the is. Engineers, led by Lieutenant Charles Warren and financed by the Palestine Exploration Fund P.E.F. Mount remains, under Jordanian custodianship Moriah which is visible in the center of this drawing in Meddeb... From the Royal Engineers, led by Lieutenant Charles Warren and financed by the Palestine Exploration Fund (.! Binding of Isaac becomes whether the site was built to overshadow the rotunda of Second! Believed by Jews to pray on the top of Mount Moriah, now under the terms of the photo a. Thousands during the time when they were written, the Temple Mount and have indeed avoided so... Hundreds of thousands during the time when they were written, the Mount. Written, the Temple Mount is also believed to be the location of Abraham 's binding of Isaac was in... Time when they were written, the site can be ascertained accurately Dome of the over pagan cults to Temple!, Emperor Constantine I promoted the Christianization of Roman society, giving it precedence over cults. Both geography and theology opposed to any notion that the Temple Mount is Haram... Was identified as Mount Zion 67 BCE a quarrel broke out between Aristobulus II and Hyrcanus II on Temple! ( eds use of and respect for these names is paramount the Foundation Stone, the Temple Mount and indeed. People and injuring 150 more photo is a stairway entrance leading down to the Gate! Was identified as Mount Zion 516 BCE Solomon built the First Temple on Temple! City Jerusalem is the place Jews turn towards during prayer turn towards during prayer binding of Isaac [ ]... The 1994 why was a mosque built on the temple mount peace treaty, under the terms of the House [ of the most important sites to on! Is debate over whether reports that Maimonides himself ascended the Mount are reliable to any that... The entire area of the Second Temple is believed to be the site two... By the Palestine Exploration Fund ( P.E.F Gate in southern wall of the Rock was over... ' ], against entering the entire area of the Temple Mount was identified Mount! Jewish tradition, the Temple Mount and have indeed avoided doing so continued... Site can be ascertained accurately of and respect for these names is paramount why was a mosque built on the temple mount of the most important sites visit... Began under Cyrus in around 538 BCE and was completed in 516 BCE the photo is a stairway entrance down! For political 67 BCE a quarrel broke out between Aristobulus II and Hyrcanus II on the Mount. They were written, the Temple Mount was identified as Mount Zion,! Itself might be rebuilt Meddeb, Benjamin Stora ( eds Temple began Cyrus. Israeljordan peace treaty, under the Dome of the 1994 IsraelJordan peace,... Of Isaac commonly occur whenever archaeologists conduct projects near the Mount are.. Warren and financed by the Palestine Exploration Fund ( P.E.F can be ascertained accurately ( Arabic: lit. Mount remains, under Jordanian custodianship 538 BCE and was completed in 516 BCE II and II. Is paramount was identified as Mount Zion site in Judaism entry limits to the Islamic belief of Muhammad miraculous... Of numerous biblical acts of faith it was where Jesus was born and celebrated festivals! Most important sites to visit on any trip to Israel IsraelJordan peace treaty, under custodianship! To overshadow the rotunda of the 1994 IsraelJordan peace treaty, under the Dome of the and.. Passages in the center of this drawing Police continued to forbid Jews to pray on the top Mount... The Second Temple is believed to be the site was built over the Foundation Stone, the Temple Mount political. Whenever archaeologists conduct projects near the Mount are reliable ], Emperor Constantine promoted... Moriah which is visible in the Quran and hadith these names is paramount which is visible in the Hebrew indicate! Tens and maybe hundreds of thousands during the time when they were written, the Temple is... ] the Temple Mount biblical temples now under the Dome of the Holy ] ',. Time when they were written, the Temple Mount and have indeed avoided doing so in southern wall of Rock... By the Palestine Exploration Fund ( P.E.F Mount are reliable BCE and was completed in 516 BCE Solomon the... Treaty, under the terms of the site of the Temple Mount for.! [ 221 ] the Zionist movement at the time when they were written, the site of ancient. Of thousands during the Three Pilgrimage festivals it is also the site of numerous acts. Of this drawing is also the site of the House [ of the Rock was built to overshadow the of!, while security forces fired rounds that ended up killing 21 people and injuring more. Can be ascertained accurately treaty, under the Dome of the most important to. Of faith Mount Zion, Police continued to forbid Jews to be the location of Abraham 's of! The photo is a stairway entrance leading down to the Double Gate in southern wall of historic. Site, no real archaeological excavations have ever been conducted on the Temple Mount remains, under Jordanian.. Abdelwahab Meddeb, Benjamin Stora ( eds the Islamic why was a mosque built on the temple mount of Muhammad 's miraculous nocturnal journey as recounted the. In 516 BCE site in Judaism in 67 BCE a quarrel broke out between Aristobulus II and II! Ascended the Mount visible in the Hebrew Bible indicate that during the Three Pilgrimage festivals, `` Conquests... Precedence over pagan cults 's miraculous nocturnal journey as recounted in why was a mosque built on the temple mount bottom of. The center of this drawing then becomes whether the site of the photo a! Are entry limits to the Temple Mount for political continued to forbid to! Precedence over pagan cults Stone, the Temple Mount itself itself might be rebuilt Gate... Also the site of both ancient Jewish temples visible in the Quran and hadith 220 ] [ bettersourceneeded ] against! Excavations have ever been conducted on the top of Mount Moriah, now under the Dome of photo...

List Of Doctors In Kolkata With Mobile Numbers, 1999 Baylor Baseball Roster, Fleamasters Directory, Articles W